[Checkins] SVN: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/ Initial checkin of a dynamic HTML template language.
Malthe Borch
mborch at gmail.com
Thu Sep 25 17:16:37 EDT 2008
Log message for revision 91489:
Initial checkin of a dynamic HTML template language.
Changed:
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/CHANGES.txt
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/README.txt
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/bootstrap.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/buildout.cfg
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/setup.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/__init__.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/__init__.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.txt
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.txt
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/__init__.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.html
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.xss
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/test_doctests.py
A Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/xss.py
-=-
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/CHANGES.txt
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/CHANGES.txt (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/CHANGES.txt 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Changelog
+=========
+
+Head
+~~~~
+
+
+
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/README.txt
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/README.txt (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/README.txt 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Overview
+========
+
+This package implements a template compiler for dynamic HTML
+documents. In particular, it supports the dynamic element language XSS
+which is used to set up dynamic content.
+
+XSS language
+------------
+
+The XSS language uses a CSS-compliant syntax to let you match HTML
+elements using CSS selectors and set up dynamic content
+definitions.
+
+For example:
+
+ html > head > title {
+ name: document-heading;
+ structure: true;
+ attributes: document-attributes;
+ }
+
+
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/bootstrap.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/bootstrap.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/bootstrap.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2006 Zope Corporation and Contributors.
+# All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# This software is subject to the provisions of the Zope Public License,
+# Version 2.1 (ZPL). A copy of the ZPL should accompany this distribution.
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+# WARRANTIES ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+# WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, AGAINST INFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+##############################################################################
+"""Bootstrap a buildout-based project
+
+Simply run this script in a directory containing a buildout.cfg.
+The script accepts buildout command-line options, so you can
+use the -c option to specify an alternate configuration file.
+
+$Id: bootstrap.py 71627 2006-12-20 16:46:11Z jim $
+"""
+
+import os, shutil, sys, tempfile, urllib2
+
+tmpeggs = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+ez = {}
+exec urllib2.urlopen('http://peak.telecommunity.com/dist/ez_setup.py'
+ ).read() in ez
+ez['use_setuptools'](to_dir=tmpeggs, download_delay=0)
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+cmd = 'from setuptools.command.easy_install import main; main()'
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+ cmd = '"%s"' % cmd # work around spawn lamosity on windows
+
+ws = pkg_resources.working_set
+assert os.spawnle(
+ os.P_WAIT, sys.executable, sys.executable,
+ '-c', cmd, '-mqNxd', tmpeggs, 'zc.buildout',
+ dict(os.environ,
+ PYTHONPATH=
+ ws.find(pkg_resources.Requirement.parse('setuptools')).location
+ ),
+ ) == 0
+
+ws.add_entry(tmpeggs)
+ws.require('zc.buildout')
+import zc.buildout.buildout
+zc.buildout.buildout.main(sys.argv[1:] + ['bootstrap'])
+shutil.rmtree(tmpeggs)
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/buildout.cfg
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/buildout.cfg (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/buildout.cfg 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[buildout]
+develop = . ../chameleon.core
+parts = test
+
+[test]
+recipe = zc.recipe.testrunner
+environment = test-environment
+eggs =
+ chameleon.core [lxml]
+ chameleon.html
+
+[test-environment]
+CHAMELEON_DEBUG = False
+CHAMELEON_CACHE = False
\ No newline at end of file
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/setup.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/setup.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/setup.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from setuptools import setup, find_packages
+import sys
+
+version = '0.1'
+
+install_requires = [
+ 'setuptools',
+ 'zope.interface',
+ 'zope.component',
+ 'zope.i18n >= 3.5',
+ 'chameleon.core',
+ 'cssutils',
+ 'lxml >= 2.1.1',
+ ]
+
+setup(name='chameleon.html',
+ version=version,
+ description="Dynamic HTML template compiler with XSS language support.",
+ long_description=open("README.txt").read(),
+ classifiers=[
+ "Programming Language :: Python",
+ "Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML",
+ "Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: XML",
+ "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
+ ],
+ keywords='',
+ author='Malthe Borch and the Zope Community',
+ author_email='zope-dev at zope.org',
+ url='',
+ license='BSD',
+ namespace_packages=['chameleon'],
+ packages = find_packages('src'),
+ package_dir = {'':'src'},
+ include_package_data=True,
+ zip_safe=False,
+ install_requires=install_requires,
+ )
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/__init__.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/__init__.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/__init__.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# See http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools#namespace-packages
+try:
+ __import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__)
+except ImportError:
+ from pkgutil import extend_path
+ __path__ = extend_path(__path__, __name__)
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/__init__.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/__init__.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/__init__.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import cgi
+import os
+
+from chameleon.core import translation
+from chameleon.core import config
+from chameleon.core import etree
+from chameleon.core import types
+from chameleon.core import utils
+
+true_values = 'true', '1', 'yes'
+
+from xss import parse_xss
+
+import lxml.cssselect
+
+def merge_dicts(dict1, dict2):
+ if dict2 is None:
+ return dict1
+
+ keys = set(dict1).union(set(dict2))
+
+ for key in keys:
+ if key == 'class':
+ value1 = dict1.get(key)
+ value2 = dict2.get(key)
+
+ if value1 is not None:
+ if value2 is not None:
+ dict1[key] += " " + value2
+ elif value2 is not None:
+ dict1[key] = value2
+ else:
+ value2 = dict2.get(key)
+ if value2 is not None:
+ dict1[key] = value2
+ return dict1
+
+def composite_attr_dict(attrib, *dicts):
+ return reduce(merge_dicts, (dict(attrib),) + dicts)
+
+class Element(translation.Element):
+ """The XSS template language base element."""
+
+ class node(translation.Node):
+ define_symbol = '_define'
+ composite_attr_symbol = '_composite_attr'
+
+ @property
+ def omit(self):
+ return self.element.xss_omit.lower() in true_values
+
+ @property
+ def dict_attributes(self):
+ if self.element.xss_attributes is not None:
+ xhtml_attributes = utils.get_attributes_from_namespace(
+ self.element, config.XHTML_NS)
+ attrib = repr(tuple(xhtml_attributes.items()))
+
+ names = self.element.xss_attributes.split(',')
+ attributes = ", ".join(
+ ["attributes.get('%s')" % name.strip() for name in names])
+
+ value = types.value(
+ "%s(%s, %s)" % \
+ (self.composite_attr_symbol, attrib, attributes))
+ value.symbol_mapping[self.composite_attr_symbol] = composite_attr_dict
+ return value
+
+ @property
+ def define(self):
+ content = self.element.xss_content
+ if content is not None:
+ expression = types.value(
+ "content.get('%s')" % content)
+ return types.definitions((
+ (types.declaration((self.define_symbol,)), types.parts((expression,))),))
+
+ @property
+ def content(self):
+ content = self.element.xss_content
+ if content is not None:
+ expression = types.value(
+ "%s or %s" % (self.define_symbol, repr(self.element.text)))
+
+ if self.element.xss_structure.lower() not in true_values:
+ expression = types.escape((expression,))
+
+ return expression
+
+ @property
+ def skip(self):
+ if self.element.xss_content is not None:
+ return types.value(self.define_symbol)
+
+ node = property(node)
+
+ xss_omit = utils.attribute(
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}omit', default="")
+
+ xss_content = utils.attribute(
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}content')
+
+ xss_structure = utils.attribute(
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}structure', default="")
+
+ xss_attributes = utils.attribute(
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}attributes')
+
+class XSSTemplateParser(etree.Parser):
+ """XSS template parser."""
+
+ element_mapping = {
+ config.XHTML_NS: {None: Element},
+ config.META_NS: {None: translation.MetaElement}}
+
+class DynamicHTMLParser(XSSTemplateParser):
+ def __init__(self, filename):
+ self.path = os.path.dirname(filename)
+
+ def parse(self, body):
+ root, doctype = super(DynamicHTMLParser, self).parse(body)
+
+ # locate XSS links
+ links = root.xpath(
+ './/xmlns:link[@rel="xss"]', namespaces={'xmlns': config.XHTML_NS})
+ for link in links:
+ try:
+ href = link.attrib['href']
+ except KeyError:
+ raise AttributeError(
+ "Attribute missing from tag: 'href' (line %d)." % link.sourceline)
+
+ filename = os.path.join(self.path, href)
+ if not os.path.exists(filename):
+ raise ValueError(
+ "File not found: %s" % repr(href))
+
+ rules = parse_xss(filename)
+
+ for rule in rules:
+ selector = lxml.cssselect.CSSSelector(rule.selector)
+ for element in root.xpath(
+ selector.path, namespaces=rule.namespaces):
+ if rule.name:
+ element.attrib[
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}content'] = \
+ rule.name
+ if rule.structure:
+ element.attrib[
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}structure'] = \
+ rule.structure
+ if rule.attributes:
+ element.attrib[
+ '{http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss}attributes'] = \
+ rule.attributes
+
+ link.getparent().remove(link)
+
+ return root, doctype
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.txt
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.txt (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/language.txt 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+XSS template language
+=====================
+
+This language is used internally by the template compiler.
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div xss:content="document-content">
+ ... <span>Default content</span>
+ ... </div>
+ ... </html>""", content={'document-content': u"Dynamic content"})
+ <html>
+ <div>Dynamic content</div>
+ </html>
+
+If we omit the slot from the passed content argument, the element is
+left untouched.
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div xss:content="document-content">
+ ... <span>Default content</span>
+ ... </div>
+ ... </html>""", content={})
+ <html>
+ <div>
+ <span>Default content</span>
+ </div>
+ </html>
+
+If the xss:omit attribute is set, the tag will be replaced by the dynamic content.
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div xss:content="document-content" xss:omit="true">
+ ... <span>Default content</span>
+ ... </div>
+ ... </html>""", content={'document-content': u"Dynamic content"})
+ <html>
+ Dynamic content
+ </html>
+
+When the xss:structure attribute is set, the dynamic content is not
+escaped.
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div xss:content="document-content" xss:structure="true">
+ ... <span>Default content</span>
+ ... </div>
+ ... </html>""", content={'document-content': u"<span>Dynamic content</span>"})
+ <html>
+ <div><span>Dynamic content</span></div>
+ </html>
+
+Attributes may be dynamically applied to elements using the
+xss:attributes.
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div xss:attributes="example">
+ ... Content
+ ... </div>
+ ... </html>""", attributes={'example': {'class': 'example-class'}})
+ <html>
+ <div class="example-class">
+ Content
+ </div>
+ </html>
+
+As a special case, if "class" is a dynamic attribute, it will not
+override an existing "class" attribute on the element, but extend it
+(concatenate with a space character).
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div id="existing" class="existing-class" xss:attributes="example">
+ ... Content
+ ... </div>
+ ... <span xss:attributes="example">
+ ... Content
+ ... </span>
+ ... </html>""", attributes={'example': {'id': 'new', 'class': 'additional-class'}})
+ <html>
+ <div id="new" class="existing-class additional-class">
+ Content
+ </div>
+ <span id="new" class="additional-class">
+ Content
+ </span>
+ </html>
+
+We can supply multiple dynamic attribute identifiers, separated by a
+comma.
+
+ >>> print render_xss("""\
+ ... <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ ... xmlns:xss="http://namespaces.repoze.org/xss">
+ ... <div id="existing" class="existing-class" xss:attributes="example1, example2">
+ ... Content
+ ... </div>
+ ... </html>""", attributes={'example1': {'class': 'foo', 'style': 'bar'},
+ ... 'example2': {'class': 'bar', 'style': 'foo'}})
+ <html>
+ <div style="foo" id="existing" class="existing-class foo bar">
+ Content
+ </div>
+ </html>
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from chameleon.core import template
+
+import language
+
+class DynamicHTMLFile(template.TemplateFile):
+ def __init__(self, filename, **kwargs):
+ parser = language.DynamicHTMLParser(filename)
+ super(DynamicHTMLFile, self).__init__(
+ filename, parser, **kwargs)
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.txt
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.txt (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/template.txt 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Dynamic HTML template
+=====================
+
+ >>> from chameleon.html.template import DynamicHTMLFile
+
+ >>> template = DynamicHTMLFile(os.path.join(path, 'layouts', 'example.html'))
+ >>> print template(
+ ... content={'title': u"Document title",
+ ... 'content': u"Document content"},
+ ... attributes={'meta-generator': {'content': u"Chameleon"},
+ ... 'meta-description': {'content': u"Document description"},
+ ... 'meta-keywords': {'content': u"Keywords"}})
+ <html>
+ <head>
+ <title>Document title</title>
+ <meta content="Chameleon" name="generator" />
+ <meta content="Document description" name="description" />
+ <meta content="Keywords" name="keywords" />
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <div>Document content</div>
+ </body>
+ </html>
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/__init__.py
===================================================================
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.html
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.html (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.html 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <title>Example layout</title>
+ <link rel="xss" type="text/xss" href="example.xss" />
+ <meta name="generator" content="Emacs" />
+ <meta name="description" content="This is an example layout." />
+ <meta name="keywords" content="example, layout, xss." />
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <div id="content">
+ This is the content area.
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.xss
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.xss (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/layouts/example.xss 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+html > head title {
+ name: title;
+}
+
+html > head meta[name="generator"] {
+ attributes: meta-generator;
+}
+
+html > head meta[name="description"] {
+ attributes: meta-description;
+}
+
+html > head meta[name="keywords"] {
+ attributes: meta-keywords;
+}
+
+div#content {
+ name: content;
+ structure: true;
+}
+
+body {
+ attributes: section, ltr;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/test_doctests.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/test_doctests.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/tests/test_doctests.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import unittest
+import os
+
+import zope.testing
+import zope.component.testing
+import zope.configuration.xmlconfig
+
+import chameleon.core.config
+import chameleon.core.testing
+
+import chameleon.html
+import chameleon.html.tests
+import chameleon.html.language
+
+OPTIONFLAGS = (zope.testing.doctest.ELLIPSIS |
+ zope.testing.doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)
+
+def render_xss(body, **kwargs):
+ parser = chameleon.html.language.XSSTemplateParser()
+ return chameleon.core.testing.compile_template(parser, body, **kwargs)
+
+def setUp(suite):
+ zope.component.testing.setUp(suite)
+
+def test_suite():
+ filesuites = 'language.txt', 'template.txt'
+ testsuites = ()
+
+ globs = dict(render_xss=render_xss, os=os, path=chameleon.html.tests.__path__[0])
+
+ chameleon.core.config.DISK_CACHE = False
+
+ return unittest.TestSuite(
+ [zope.testing.doctest.DocTestSuite(
+ "chameleon.html."+doctest, optionflags=OPTIONFLAGS,
+ setUp=setUp, tearDown=zope.component.testing.tearDown) \
+ for doctest in testsuites] +
+
+ [zope.testing.doctest.DocFileSuite(
+ doctest, optionflags=OPTIONFLAGS,
+ globs=globs,
+ setUp=setUp, tearDown=zope.component.testing.tearDown,
+ package="chameleon.html") for doctest in filesuites]
+ )
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ unittest.main(defaultTest='test_suite')
Added: Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/xss.py
===================================================================
--- Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/xss.py (rev 0)
+++ Sandbox/malthe/chameleon.html/src/chameleon/html/xss.py 2008-09-25 21:16:36 UTC (rev 91489)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from cssutils.parse import CSSParser
+import chameleon.core.config
+
+class Element(object):
+ def __init__(self, selector, namespaces, name="",
+ attributes=None, structure=False, **kwargs):
+ if kwargs:
+ for name in kwargs:
+ raise ValueError("Unknown property: " % name)
+ self.namespaces = namespaces
+ self.selector = selector
+ self.name = name
+ self.attributes = attributes
+ self.structure = structure
+
+namespace = 'xmlns'
+namespaces = {namespace: chameleon.core.config.XHTML_NS}
+
+def parse_xss(stream):
+ elements = []
+
+ parser = CSSParser(loglevel=0)
+ for rule in parser.parseFile(stream):
+ properties = {}
+ for prop in rule.style:
+ properties[str(prop.name)] = prop.value
+
+ for selector in rule.selectorList:
+ selectors = []
+ for item in selector.seq:
+ if item.type == 'type-selector':
+ extra, name = item.value
+ selectors.append('%s|%s' % (namespace, name))
+ else:
+ selectors.append(item.value)
+ selector = "".join(selectors)
+ element = Element(
+ selector,
+ namespaces,
+ **properties)
+
+ elements.append(element)
+
+ return elements
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